jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni

jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni

How do you pray? Religion: Islam. Anger against the United States was also fueled by the humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law, which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution.[97]. [136], The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down. [224] As of 2017, estimates of the number of Nigeria's 9095million Muslims who are Shia vary from between 20million (Shia estimate), to less than five million (Sunni estimate)[225] but according to Pew research center, less than 5% of the Muslim population in Nigeria are Shia.[14]. Fourth, through the scholars of Jabal Amel residing in that region, or in Iraq, during the 16th and 17th centuries who later migrated to Iran.[63]. They are literate. In Twelve-Imam Shiism, from the 13th to the 16th century, Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles. [128] An al-Qaeda-affiliated website posted a call for "a full-scale war on Shiites all over Iraq, whenever and wherever they are found. [199][200][201], A March 2015 suicide bombing of two mosques (used mainly by supporters of the Zaidi Shia-led Houthi rebel movement), in the Yemeni capital of Sanaa, killed at least 137 people and wounded 300. Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq are Fawaz Gerges, who writes in his book ISIS: A History, By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian-based political system, the 2003 US-led invasion polarized the country along Sunni-Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce, prolonged struggle driven by identity politics. Many Shias in the Levant were killed for their faith. [198], These latest measures come as the government faces a Sunni rebellion with a similar motivation to the Zaidi discontent. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. [89], The year of the Iranian Islamic Revolution was "one of great ecumenical discourse",[90] and shared enthusiasm by both Shia and Sunni Islamists. Muhammad Khudabandah, the famous builder of Soltaniyeh, was among the first of the Mongols to convert to Shiaism, and his descendants ruled for many years in Persia and were instrumental in spreading Sh thought. The president explained the situation by saying Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei would not agree to the proposal. Jasmine has 2 jobs listed on their profile. In response, Abd al Aziz sent Wahhabi missionaries to the Eastern Province, but he did not carry through with attempts at forced conversion. These clashes revolved around the public cursing of the first three caliphs by Shias and the praising of them by Sunnis. Part of 18 things about ISIS you need to know One of the single most important factors in ISIS's resurgence is the conflict between Iraq's largest two Arab religious groups: Shias and Sunnis. Some of the Ismailis whose power had been broken by the Mongols, went underground and appeared later within Sufi orders or as new branches of already existing orders. [36], Shiism and Sufism are said to share a number of hallmarks: Belief in an inner meaning to the Quran, special status for some mortals (saints for Sufi, Imams for Shias), as well as veneration of Ali and Muhammad's family.[37]. However, nothing can be done about this as Iraq's Shiite government were democratically elected. But Hussein and. Ali Bhutto was Shia, Zia ul-Haq a Sunni. On the other hand, the Ismaili dawah ("missionary institution") sent missionaries (dut, sg. [97], Marc Lynch in his book The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East, argues that as old regimes or political forces sought to control "the revolutionary upsurge" of the Arab Spring, sectarianism became a key weapon to undermine unity among the anti-regime masses. It is the home country of anti-Shia insurgent Raed Mansour al-Banna, who died perpetrating one of Iraq's worst suicide bombings in the city of Al-Hillah. A Misyar marriage differs from a conventional Islamic marriage in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will. [193] Eight other Shia were injured. fort de phalempin masque maio 31, 2022 ; Sem Comentrios Sem Comentrios [159], The Syrian Civil War, though it started as a political conflict, developed into a struggle between the Alawite-dominated Army and government on the one hand, and the mainly Sunni rebels and former members of the regular army on the other. Shia are sometimes recognizable by their names, which are often derived from the names of Ahl al-Bayt. Where do you live? Before his death Zarqawi was one to quote Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, especially his infamous statement urging followers to kill the Shia of Iraq,[127] and calling the Shias "snakes". Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally. This has been the case in Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf. Sunni Muslims are the vast majority of Muslims in most Muslim communities in Central Asia (including China), Europe (including Russia and the Balkans), South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Arab World, Turkey and among Muslims in the United States where in Shias are approximately 10%. [225], Shia Muslims protest that they have been persecuted by the Nigerian government. [124] Sunni insurgent organizations include Ansar al-Islam. Jones, Toby "The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia, Yemen Facing Insurgency on Two Fronts, By Stephen Ulph (see above), Amnesty: Ratification without implementation:the state of human rights in Yemen, Religious clash in Indonesia kills up to six, Straits Times, 6 February 2011, grand campaign to erase the Shiite dominance, French National Centre for Scientific Research, International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran), The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought, "Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism", "India Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations", Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, "Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran 'wronged by others', "India, Iraq to make common cause over terror from Pak", "Aspiring powers and a new old friendship", "As Syrians Fight, Sectarian Strife Infects Mideast", "Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Presidential Library Religion", "Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate analysis", "Yemen: The land with more guns than people", "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012", "The New Middle East, Turkey, and the Search for Regional Stability", http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png, "The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam", "The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future", "Abu Hurayra and the Falsification of Traditions (Hadith)", Atlas of the Middle East (Second ed.). During and after the US-led invasion of Iraq, members of the Zaidi-Shia community protested after Friday prayers every week outside mosques, particularly the Grand Mosque in Sana'a, during which they shouted anti-US and anti-Israeli slogans, and criticised the government's close ties to America. This group was called Shia Ali, or Party of Ali, from which comes the word Shia. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunnialte rubel scheine umtauschen. In addition, they consider the sayings of Ahl al-Bayt that are not attributed directly to Muhammad as hadiths. jasminefares Hamilton, Ontario Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East and South Asia. "[204] Bahrain has many disaffected unemployed youths and many have protested Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa's efforts to create a parliament as merely a "cooptation of the effendis", i.e. In part because Saudi Arabia was the world's major international funder of Islamic schools, scholarships, and fellowships, this angered not only Saudi Arabia but its many fundamentalist allies and benefactors throughout the Arab world, according to Nasr.[102]. "[215] From January to May 1997, Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders "in a systematic attempt to remove Shias from positions of authority. [152], Following the 2005 elections, much of the leadership of Iran has been described as more "staunchly committed to core Shia values" and lacking Ayatollah Khomeini's commitment to ShiaSunni unity. Jasmine Fares is a Lebanese 25 year old, who currently lives in Toronto. As a Muslim woman, one of the biggest days of our lives is our wedding day. Introduction. Many libraries and madrasahs were destroyed and Sunni scholars migrated to other Islamic areas such as Anatolia and Egypt. But . The British colonial rule ended after the Sunni and Shia united against it. At least 17 Shia were killed. The groups demand the expulsion of all Shias from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shias between 1996 and 1999. [86] Bulgaria's ex-Ambassador Dimitar Mihaylov further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation (encompassing ISIS, the Syrian civil war, Yemen, Iraq and others) represents a "qualitatively new" development in the history of Shi'a-Sunni dynamics. The Arab Shia: The Forgotten Muslims, by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke. Another effect noted by political scientist Gilles Kepel, is that the initial attraction of the Islamic Revolution to Sunnis as well as Shia, and Khomeini's desire to export his revolution, motivated the Saudi establishment to shore up its "religious legitimacy" with more strictness in religion (and with jihad in Afghanistan) to compete with Iran's revolutionary ideology. Please enter your username or email address to reset your password. )._Washington,_DC:_National_Geographic2008 (. "[207] Most violence takes place in the largest province of Punjab and the country's commercial and financial capital, Karachi. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims are mainly expressed through different religious practices. [104][105][106] Thus, although the Iranian revolution's leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, was very much in favor of ShiaSunni unity, and "the leadership position that went with it",[107] his revolution worked against it. They were in control in Persian Iran, but the Sunnis led most Arab states in the Middle East. On her account, she can be seen sporting clothing, makeup and accessories from companies like Hijabi Mama, The Date Palm and Culture. roger clemens baseball cards for sale. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of Tajikistan are Shia. The writers of the Shia Four Books were Iranian, as were many other scholars. [142], Soon after the 1979 revolution, Sunni leaders from Kurdistan, Balouchistan, and Khorassan, set up a new party known as Shams, which is short for Shora-ye Markaz-e al Sunaat, to unite Sunnis and lobby for their rights. -- Imam Reza (A.S.) Network", "Shias of Kashmir Socio Political Dilemmas", An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism, Information on sectarian violence against Sunni Muslims, Syrian fight now 'overtly sectarian,' U.N. says, As Syria fights, sectarian wave rises in region, "Saudi king meets with Iranian president", "The Pentagon plan to 'divide and rule' the Muslim world", March 14, 2008 The Independent/UK "The Cult of the Suicide Bomber" by Robert Fisk, "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera", "Iraqi funeral procession bombed; at least 26 killed", "Ansar al-Islam is listed as a terrorist group by the US State Dept", Sectarian violence kills 36 during climax of Shia holy festival, "Iraq 101: Aftermath Long-Term Thinking", "Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war", "US: Iraq failing to tackle death squads", Iraq militias' wave of death, Sectarian killings now surpass terrorist bombings, Interview with Molavi Ali Akbar Mollahzadeh, Rafsanjani & Al-Qaradawi call upon nation to unite & reject fighting, 2007-02-15, "UN Commission on Human Rights - Visit by the Special Rapporteur to Iran (Feb 96)", Shia equality or Shia supremacy? [84], According to some reports, as of mid-2013, the Syrian Civil War has become "overtly sectarian" with the "sectarian lines fall most sharply" between Alawites and Sunnis. Saudi Arabia backed Iraq in the 19801988 war with Iran and sponsored militants in Pakistan and Afghanistan whothough primarily targeting the Soviet Union, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979also fought to suppress Shia movements. There were some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaidis of Tabaristan, the Buwayhid, the rule of the Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah (r. 13041316) and the Sarbedaran. Thus a political split became a far more personal one, marked by blood feud, and a cause for further divergence. Sunni Muslims are also present in more countries and regions throughout the world, whereas most of Shia Muslims live in four . However, with the advent of the Zengids and Ayyubids, the population of Shias dwindled greatly due to conversion and migrations. [97], Many in the Muslim world explain the bloodshed as the work of conspiracies by outside forces"the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken [Arabs]" (Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Yusuf al-Qaradawi),[94] unspecified "enemies" (Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad),[98] or "oppressive pressure by the imperialist front." Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan (north-western Iran) and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126. In some countries like Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and Bahrain, communities have mingled and intermarried. [139], information indicates Sunnis, along with other religious minorities, are denied by law or practice access to such government positions as cabinet minister, ambassador, provincial governor, mayor and the like, Sunni schools and mosques have been destroyed, and Sunni leaders have been imprisoned, executed and assassinated. From the rules of both Sunni and Shia Islam, marriage between Sunni and Shia Muslim is allowed, and Sunni nikah is also recognized valid in Shia Islam; so it is not compulsory to change from this point. They ended their vlog explaining how they wouldnt just not have a wedding and do nothing after that. In 2003, when Saddam was overthrown, Iraqi Shia celebrated. Nevertheless, apart from this domination there existed, firstly, throughout these nine centuries, Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and, secondly, Twelver and Zaidi Shiism had prevalence in some parts of Iran. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunnititelseite zeitung erstellen. Jasmine admitted that not having a wedding meant letting go of a big part of their lives. Required fields are marked *. (2004), "Mahdi", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world, Thompson Gale, p.421, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAtlas_of_the_Middle_East_(Second_ed. Both the Sunni al-Qaeda and "Islamic State" consider Shia Muslims to be heretics. The Sunni hegemony did not undercut the Shia presence in Iran. While the main responsibility of Sunni Caliphs was to maintain law and order in the Muslim realm, as descendants of the Prophet, Shia Imams (spiritual leaders) also provided religious guidance and were considered infallible. [167], As of 2006 four of the 150 members of Saudi Arabia's "handpicked" parliament were Shia, but no city had a Shia mayor or police chief, and none of the 300 girls schools for Shia in the Eastern Province had a Shia principal. With the eruption of the Syrian Civil War, tensions increased between the Shia-affiliated Alawites and Sunnis of Tripoli, erupting twice into deadly violencein June 2011, and the second time in February 2012. What do they believe? Hundreds of El-Zakzaky's followers were also arrested. The Syrian war has affected Hezbollah, which was once lauded by both Sunnis and Shi'ites for its battles against Israel, but now has lost support from many Sunnis for its military assistance to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. [83] Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of Salafism which is a branch of Sunni Islam. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph YazidI, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into two groups, the Sunni and the Shia. Official media refers to the fighting as armed clashes between the police and "bandits," "drug-smugglers," and "thugs," to disguise what many believe is essentially a political-religious conflict. The Shia faith in the Levant started spreading during the Hamdanid rule, which commenced in the start of the 10th century. They both agree on the fundamentals of Islam and share the same Holy Book (The Qur'an ), but . [234] The Shia community has also been subject to hate campaigns and intimidation, with fears of this escalating into violence. The divide between Sunnis and Shia is the largest and oldest in the history of Islam. [141] As in other parts of the Muslim world, other issues may play a part in the conflict, since most Sunnis in Iran are also ethnic minorities. Many distinctions can be made between Sunnis and Shias through observation alone: When prostrating during ritual prayer called Salah in Arabic. Muslims who wanted to select his successor, or Caliph, by following the traditional Arab custom (Sunna) formed into a group known as Sunnis. The main difference between Sunnis and Shias lies in their interpretation of the rightful succession of leadership after the death of the prophet Muhammad. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunnimuskelsteifigkeit beinenmuskelsteifigkeit beinen "[166], Members of the Shia Muslim community (estimated at between 7 and 10 per cent of Saudi Arabias population of about 19 million) suffer systematic political, social, cultural as well as religious discrimination. [214], ShiaSunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan. . Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. From 1979 to 1983 Saddam's regime executed 48 major Shia clerics in Iraq. Further exacerbating the situation was the dislike between Shia leader Imam Khomeini and General Zia ul-Haq. [108] In time, these immigrants adopted the Arabic language and Arab identity, but their origin has been used to "unfairly cast them as lackeys of Iran". colleen bready married Before the Safavid era Shi'i manuscripts were mainly written in Iraq, with the establishment of the Safavid rule these manuscripts were transferred to Iran.[63]. For Shias, Ashura is a day of mourning which commemorates the martyrdom of the Imam al-Husayn. Its the place where Muslims gather for Friday prayers and other special occasions. During this period, the Shia in Iran were nourished from Kufa, Baghdad and later from Najaf and Al Hillah. In 1998 more than 8,000 noncombatants were killed when the Taliban attacked Mazar-i-Sharif and Bamiyan where many Hazaras live. The kings of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty ruled in Tabriz with a domain extending to Fars and Kerman. On his return to Tehran, Ahmadinejad declared that: Both Iran and Saudi Arabia are aware of the enemies' conspiracies. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunniscanavenger portable wireless bluetooth barcode scanner jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni [82], Some tension developed between Sunnis and Shia as a result of clashes over Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police at the hajj. [108] In Yemen, Houthi rebels have expanded their territory south of Saudi Arabia, and become the country's "dominant power". Revolutionary Guards have stationed several brigades in Balouchi cities, and have allegedly tracked down and assassinated Sunni leaders both inside Iran and in neighboring Pakistan. [253], After the collapse of the Iraqi army and capture of the city of Mosul by ISIS in June 2014, the "most senior"[254] Shia spiritual leader based in Iraq, the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, who had been known as "pacifist" in his attitudes, issued a fatwa calling for jihad against ISIS and its Sunni allies, which was seen by the Shia militias as a "de facto legalization of the militias advance". ", "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2", "Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran", "A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. Arab states especially Saudi Arabia and GCC states have been funding extremist Deobandi Sunnis and Wahhabis in Pakistan, since the Afghan Jihad. Shia jurisprudence books were banned, the traditional annual Shia mourning procession of Ashura was discouraged, and operating independent Islamic religious establishments remained illegal. "It is said that when modern Iraq was formed, some of the population of Karbala was Iranian". However, Sunnis are heavily populated in countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia. [1], The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source, with most approximations stating that 90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and 10% are Shia, with most Shias belonging to the Twelver tradition and the rest divided between many other groups. The US-led invasion also tilted the regional balance of power decisively" in favor of Shia Iran, alarming Sunni and leading to talk of a Shia Crescent. Today, there are differences in religious practice, traditions, and customs, often related to jurisprudence. Had Shi`ism not been deeply rooted in the Iranian spirit, the Safawids (9071145/15011732) would not have succeeded in converting Iranians to the Shi'i creed Ahl al-Bayt sheerly by capturing political power. The change in. Posted April 14, 2017. Third, through the school of Hillah under the leadership of Al-Hilli and his son Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin. Until the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, the Shia never governed a modern Arab state. According to Shia rights watch, in 2014 ISIS forces killed over 1,700 Shia civilians at Camp Speicher in Tikrit Iraq, and 670 Shia prisoners at the detention facility on the outskirts of Mosul. [154] Sunni mosques are not allowed in the capital city of Tehran, and a number of Sunni mosques in other cities have been demolished,[155] Sunni literature and teachings are banned in public schools and construction of new Sunni mosques and schools are banned. Members of the two sects have co-existed for centuries and share many fundamental beliefs and practices. Finally, his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut and Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi led to the founding of Dar-al-Taghrib (community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims). Under this pressure, Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert, but it is safe to say that the majority of the population was probably genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century, and most Iranians today are Shia, although there is still a Sunni minority. [225] Many of the converted are poor Muslims. The general observations recorded by Muslim travellers passing through the Levant during the tenth and eleventh centuries, notably al-Maqdisi in his geographical works, The best divisions in the knowledge of the regions, as well as Ibn Jubayr, indicate that Shia Muslims made up the majority of the populations of the regions of the Levant during this era, notably in the cities of Damascus, Tiberias, Nablus, Tyre, Homs and Jabal Amel. Saddam wanted Iraq to replace Iran as the dominant state in the Persian Gulf, but he was also worried that the Iranian revolution could have a ripple effect among his countrys Shia majority. Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, which was fought between the Sunni Ottoman Empire and the Shia Safavid dynasty. The Buyids, who were Zaidi and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad, and even upon the caliph himself, provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shia thought. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. [214] As in Iraq they "targeted Shia in their holy places and mosques, especially during times of communal prayer. They complain about the food and seating. They were all very materialistic complaints. As-Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of Caliph himself. Fundamentalist Sunni clerics have popularized slurs against Shia such as "Safawis" (from the Safavid empire, thus implying their being an Iranian agents), or even worse rafidha (rejecters of the faith), and majus (Zoroastrian or crypto Persian). Unfortunately for Ismail, most of his subjects were Sunni. Ismail I initiated a religious policy to recognize Shiism as the official religion of the Safavid Empire, and the fact that modern Iran and Azerbaijan remain majority-Shia states is a direct result of Ismail's actions. [108] In Syria, a Shia minoritythe heterodox Alawi sect that makes up only about 13 percent of the populationdominate the upper reaches of the government, military and security services in Syria, and are the "backbone" of the forces fighting to protect the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria's civil war. Answer (1 of 53): Of course Shia's. 1. In terms of the world's total Muslim population, Sunnis and Shias disagree over what percentage each group owns, with Sunnis accounting for 80-90% of the total and Shias 10-20%. She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. [2] [64], On 21 April 1802, about 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attacked and sacked Karbala, killed between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plundered the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Prophet Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib,[71]:74 and destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils, including gold, Persian carpets, money, pearls, and guns that had accumulated in the tomb, most of them donations. These five practices are essential to Sunni and Shia Muslims. [113], The British, having put down a Shia rebellion against their rule in the 1920s, "confirmed their reliance on a corps of Sunni ex-officers of the collapsed Ottoman empire". [99] Dr. Christopher Davidson argues that the current crisis in Yemen is being egged on by the US, and could be part of a wider covert strategy to spur fragmentation in Iran allies and allow Israel to be surrounded by weak states. European Pressphoto Agency After Ali also was assassinated, with a poison-laced sword at the mosque in Kufa, in what is now Iraq, his sons Hasan and then Hussein claimed the title. [147] These Sunni groups have been involved in violent activities in Iran and have waged terrorist[148] attacks against civilian centers, including an attack next to a girls' school[149] according to government sources. In the 1980s, Ibrahim El-Zakzakya Nigerian admirer of the Iranian Revolution who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islamestablished the Islamic Movement of Nigeria. Several local Shia dynasties like the Marashi and Sarbadars were established during this time. This decision was not a spontaneous one. [203] According to the CIA World Factbook, Al Wefaq the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. History records 10 such Taarajs also known as Taraj-e-Shia between the 15th and 19th centuries in 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, 1872 during which the Shia habitations were plundered, people slaughtered, libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated.[76].

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